What is the impact of Avian Influenza (AI) low-pathogenic strains on brown egg shell pigmentation?

Low-pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI), primarily caused by H9N2 or other low-virulence subtypes, is a major endemic threat to commercial layer operations. Unlike highly pathogenic strains that cause 100% mortality, LPAI causes mild respiratory signs but severely damages the hen's reproductive tract, specifically the shell gland (uterus). This localized infection prevents the synthesis and deposition of protoporphyrin IX pigment onto the outer shell layer, causing brown layer hens to lay pale, washed-out, or completely white-shelled eggs. The eggshell also loses structural strength, increasing transit cracks and degrading the batch's mandi value. Farmers can learn disease prevention protocols in the Poultry Encyclopedia, source certified disinfectants and H9 vaccines on Poultry Plaza, check daily price impacts on Poultry Rates, and list alternative lots on Murghi Mandi.